Andrew Goodwin and Carol Vernallis

Andrews book Dancing in the Distraction Factory discusses that with music videos there are several features that apply to them.

Firstly is Lyrics and Visuals
With this he talks about how he believes that the lyrics of a song and the visuals in the video share a relationships, these come in three ways:
Illustrated, where the lyrics are literally shown clearly in some way, such as being actual lyrics written on screen or even being represented like someone crying if there is a lyric about crying in a video
Amplified is where the lyrics are exaggerated through the visuals such as showing physical effects or using metaphors to express the lyrics further
Last is contradicting where the visuals go against the lyrics and do the opposite

Second is Music and Visuals
This follows the same principal as before
Illustrated such as showing the music on screen with instruments or the band playing
Amplified Where the the music is given more metaphorical meaning
Contradicted where the visuals are opposite to what the music is like

The next thing that Goodwin goes on to talk about is that music videos also have genre, both the music and also the video, these are:

-Studio Performance
-Stadium Performance
-Location Performance
-Narrative
-Experimental

Then Goodwin also mentions Star Iconography, where the artist or star is heavily features in some way in the music video.

Voyeurism is another factor of music videos that Goodwin speaks about, and this means that the audience will see something they aren't used to. These could be things such as:

-Nudity, or revealing clothing
-Exhibition
-Frame within frame

Then there is intertextuality, where the video will reference other stuff in a homage way, or as a parody way such as:

-Other music videos
-Film/TV
-Books


Carol Vernallis in Kindest Cut (2001) had similar ideas to Goodwin however she found a relationship between the music video and the editing techniques used. These can be divided into 4 different categories:

-Narrative
-Editing
-Camera Movement and Framing
-Diegesis

Narrative
She says that most music videos are in-complete and that the rest is up to audience interpretation, making them think about the meaning of the video, she then goes on to say how some music videos choose narrative over performance and vice versa

Editing
With editing she talks about how "The rules of continuity editing are broken to draw attention to what is happening on screen" This means that music videos tend to have a lot of jump cuts in them that don't necessarily fit together but is done to keep the viewers attention. It's also done to match up editing with the beat of a song or lyrics.

Camera Movement and Framing
Vernallis states how close ups of the stars and establishing shots of locations are used a lot in music videos and sometimes the camera is moved in time with the beat or lyrics.

Diegesis
This is the narrative or plot, and there can be a lot of repitition of shots and frames that can be more apparant and more important than other shots